Esta mesa-redonda foi organizada a partir do encontro de seus autores em um simpósio sobre historiografia no 55º Congresso Internacional de Americanistas, que ocorreu em julho de 2015, em San Salvador. O simpósio em questão foi o de número 69, Historia de la historiografía latinoamericana: nuevas miradas y debates contemporáneos. Os trabalhos aqui apresentados pelo guatemalteco Jose Edgardo Cal Montoya, “La historia como profesión”: el aporte de Ernesto Chinchilla Aguilar a la historiografía guatemalteca y centroamericana e o paraguaio Herib (...) Caballero Campos, Entre Clío y Astra: La Biblioteca Paraguaya del Centro de Estudiantes de Derecho, envolveram estudos historiográficos de temáticas nacionais específicas, respectivamente sobre a figura de um intelectual, e de uma instituição responsável pela divulgação de uma produção do conhecimento. Já os artigos de Coralia Gutiérrez Álvarez, Una introducción a la epistemología desde el sur: por una reflexión situada e Felix Raúl Martínez Cleves, La historiografía en movimiento. Una aproximación a las historias de ciudades en Colombia buscaram um outro viés na discussão historiográfica. Algo que diz respeito não somente a uma análise crítica, denominador comum a todos os quatro artigos, senão um diálogo com a teoria que implicou deslocar de uma zona de conforto a própria historiografia colombiana, para o caso dos estudos da história das cidades feito por Felix Martínez, e mais amplamente o conjunto das denominadas Ciências Sociais, como a discussão proposta por Coralia Gutiérrez. A mim coube analisar os quatro artigos, bem como buscar apontar possíveis diálogos entre os mesmos. Uma menor propensão de minha parte a debates teóricos, e uma maior facilidade a estudos com base mais histórica, como nos trabalhos de Jose Cal e Herib Caballero, se refletiram na maior extensão que dei no trato destes últimos; nada mais do que isso. E de antemão quero agradecer a Felix Martínez, cujos esclarecimentos possibilitaram divisar melhor uma ponte entre todos os trabalhos. (shrink)

Se realizó un análisis del proyecto "Acciones intersectoriales en la estimulación temprana del desarrollo del lenguaje" con el objetivo propiciar un estudio social sobre la gestión del conocimiento y la innovación tecnológica en la dirección de programas para la estimulación del desarrollo de menores en edad preescolar, desde la visión de ciencia, tecnología y sociedad. Se muestran conceptos afines al tema, necesarios en la comprensión de la idea de reorganización de los servicios vinculados a la estimulación y atención temprana del (...) desarrollo del lenguaje desde la comunidad, con la participación de profesionales de diferentes instituciones, y se demuestra la necesidad de comprender los estudios de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad como un campo de acción en la actualidad en Cuba. An analysis of the project Intersectorial actions in early stimulation of the language was carried out with the purpose of favoring a social study of knowledge negotiation and technological innovation in the direction of programs to stimulate the development of children in preschool age at the vision of science, technology and society. Concepts related with the topic and necessary to comprehend the idea of reorganizing the services related with the stimulation and early attention of the language development starting in the community and with the participation of professionals from different institutions are shown. The need of comprehend the studies of science, technology and society as a field of action nowadays in Cuba is also demonstrated. (shrink)

This book seeks to arrive at a better understanding of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of time. It discusses the existence of fluent time, a controversial concept in many areas, from philosophy to physics. Fluent time is understood as directional time with a past, a present and a future. We experience fluent time in our lives and we adopt a temporal perspective in our ways of knowing and acting. Nevertheless, the existence of fluent time has been debated (...) for both philosophical and scientific reasons, thus creating a rift between the subjective and objective aspects of time. Starting from the basic notion of points of view, or perspectives, this book explores the relationships between objective or external time, as it has been conceptualized by science, and subjective or internal time, which is involved in our lived experiences. It establishes a general framework encompassing the nature, structure and mode of existence of points of view, in which the objective and subjective aspects of time can be integrated. The book mainly addresses researchers and postgraduates in philosophy and logic. Additionally, it offers inspiration for physicists and computer scientists involved in the modeling and simulation of complex behaviors for which the representation of internal time should be considered together with the notion of objective, external time. (shrink)

This book seeks to arrive at a better understanding of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of time. It discusses the existence of fluent time, a controversial concept in many areas, from philosophy to physics. Fluent time is understood as directional time with a past, a present and a future. We experience fluent time in our lives and we adopt a temporal perspective in our ways of knowing and acting. Nevertheless, the existence of fluent time has been debated (...) for both philosophical and scientific reasons, thus creating a rift between the subjective and objective aspects of time. Starting from the basic notion of points of view, or perspectives, this book explores the relationships between objective or external time, as it has been conceptualized by science, and subjective or internal time, which is involved in our lived experiences. It establishes a general framework encompassing the nature, structure and mode of existence of points of view, in which the objective and subjective aspects of time can be integrated. The book mainly addresses researchers and postgraduates in philosophy and logic. Additionally, it offers inspiration for physicists and computer scientists involved in the modeling and simulation of complex behaviors for which the representation of internal time should be considered together with the notion of objective, external time. (shrink)

Este trabajo esboza una forma de justificar el principio estructurador central de una teoría veritista de la evaluación epistémica, en respuesta a críticas planteadas por Eleonora Cresto a mi defensa del veritismo frente a una serie de objeciones en el sentido de que no es capaz de explicar la naturaleza y el valor del entendimiento. La primera sección presenta el esbozo de justificación del núcleo de una teoría veritista; la segunda responde a críticas más específicas de Cresto. This paper sketches (...) a way to justify the central tenet of a veritistic theory of epistemic evaluation, in response to problems raised by Eleonora Cresto concerning my defense of veritism, against a series of objetions to the effect that veritistic epistemology is uncapable of explaining the nature and value of understanding. The first section presents the sketch of justification of the nucleus of a veritistic theory, the second responds to some of Cresto's more specific criticisms. (shrink)

In Jurismania, Paul Campos asserts that our legal system is beginning to exhibit symptoms of serious mental illness. Trials and appeals that stretch out for years and cost millions, 100 page appellate court opinions, 1,000 page statutes before which even lawyers tremble with fear, and a public that grows more litigious every day all testify to a judicial overkill that borders on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Campos locates the source of such madness, paradoxically, in our worship of reason and the (...) resulting belief that all problems are amenable to legal solutions. In insightful discussions of a wide range of cases, from NCAA regulations of student-athletes to the Simpson trial, from our most intractable social disputes over abortion and physician-assisted suicide to the war on drugs and the increasingly fastidious attempts to regulate behavior in public spaces, Campos shows that the mania for more law exacerbates the very problems it seeks to remedy. In his final chapter, the author calls instead for a humbling recognition of the limits of reason and a much more modest role for our legal system. Clearly written and laced with a delicious wit, Jurismania gives us a CAT-scan of the American legal mind at work. It reveals not only that the patient is even worse off than we imagined, but also clarifies the many reasons why. (shrink)

Political fact-checkers evaluate the truthfulness of politicians’ claims. This paper contributes to an emerging scholarly debate on whether fact-checkers treat political parties differently in a systematic manner depending on their ideology (bias). We first examine the available approaches to analyze bias and then present a new approach in two steps. First, we propose a logistic regression model to analyze the outcomes of fact-checks and calculate how likely each political party will obtain a truth score. We test our model with a (...) sample of fact-checks from Newtral, a major Spanish fact-checker. Our model would signal bias under two assumptions: a) all political parties are on average equally accurate in their statements; b) the verification method gives precise instructions and is implemented systematically. We investigate this second assumption with a series of interviews with Newtral fact-checkers. We show that standard verification protocols are so loosely implemented that fact-checks reflect a set of journalistic decisions, rather than a bias in the statistical sense. We call for a more rigorous definition of verification methods as a pre-requisite for an unbiased assessment of politician’s claims. (shrink)

Os debates, na cidade de Belém-PA, em torno do divórcio com possibilidade de segundo casamento, doutrina católica da indissolubilidade das alianças e família são os princípios diretores das reflexões que seguem. As fundamentações concentram-se no ponto de vista de que a lógica do matrimônio inquebrantável e domador da fornicação de homens e mulheres, não era a única visão, a respeito dele, no seio da capital paraoara. Alguns literatos e profissionais do direito compreendiam que ninguém poderia ser submetido eternamente a um (...) enlace falido, isto é, neste caso o desejo do até que a morte os separasse deveria ser arrefecido pelas leis brasileiras por meio da aprovação do divórcio absoluto. Assim, existiam pensamentos contrários aos da Igreja: a ruptura efetivamente em nada promoveria a poligamia como queria fazer crer o dogma católico, mas sim que a imoralidade poligâmica crescia com a forma de separação existente no Brasil que autorizava “tão somente” o desenlace de corpos e bens, deixando intactos os vínculos matrimoniais. (shrink)

Time has a highly unstable place between the objective and the subjective. On the one side, there are very well known philosophical arguments trying to show that time has only a subjective reality, even that it is merely a subjective epiphenomenon. On the other side, we are compelled to take points of view as non dispensable elements of reality, at least of a reality capable of containing beings like us. And points of view offer a world of temporal entities existing (...) in an objective way. Moreover, points of view themselves appear to be temporal entities among other temporal entities. We analyse both aspects of time. Our main focus will be McTaggart’s arguments against the reality of a fluent time, what he called temporal series of kind A. We will distinguish three very different arguments in McTaggart works. We analyse them in detail. And we reject their conclusive character. Our final target is to maintain that there is a room for fluent time in what is internal to points of view but external to the subjects adopting those points of view. (shrink)

Veremos como no Fedro de Platão há inicialmente dois tipos de desejos, um deles seria o desejo epithymía e o outro seria o desejo hímeros, sendo o último um desejo nobre, retratado exclusivamente na palinódia de Sócrates. Faremos um estudo do campo semântico associado a cada um desses desejos dentro das três recitações iniciais do diálogo, discernindo a natureza de cada um deles, sua potencialidade, direção e desdobramentos. O diálogo evidencia a enunciação controlada desses desejos na trama conceitual platônica, quando (...) Fedro chama a atenção de Sócrates para esse aspecto notável do uso das palavras (tois onómasin, Phdr. 234c7) na recitação de Lísias, assim como Sócrates no fim da palinódia reafirma o vocabulário (tois onómasin, Phdr. 257a5) poético a que foi submetido. Nesse trajeto surge uma leitura fisiológica, discernindo a estática, os movimentos, as direções dos desejos e amizades descritas, assim como suas qualidades e quantidades. (shrink)

El pensamiento metafísico es factor de equilibrio ontológico para el hombre, pues él busca, dentro de sí mismo, un ser absoluto que sea su causa, así como también causa de todos los seres. La “muerte” de la metafísica de la causalidad, con Kant, propició la transferencia de este Absoluto a una obligación moral, cuya legisladora sería una buena voluntad subjetiva, introduciendo el relativismo en el pensamiento humano y generando, a lo largo del tiempo, una crisis ético antropológica y la pérdida (...) de la auténtica trascendencia. ¿Sería el rescate de la metafísica una respuesta transcendental a la crisis del hombre contemporáneo? (shrink)

Este artigo examina quais teorias da causalidade explicam a ocorrência de sentimentos em animais e homens, segundo Descartes. Esse exame é feito à luz do debate entre as teorias ocasionalista e interacionista, bem como da posição de Descartes nesse debate. Nesse contexto, são discutidas algumas objeções a essas teorias, buscando determinar em quais pontos Descartes poderia ser considerado um adepto de uma ou da outra. A hipótese defendida é a de que ele adota certos aspectos da teoria interacionista para explicar (...) a causalidade entre corpos, que caracteriza a ocorrência de sentimentos em animais. Por outro lado, ressalta-se o uso de duas linguagens em sua explicação da causalidade entre corpos humanos e mentes, que caracteriza os sentimentos humanos. Esse uso é explicado pelo fato de que, no caso desses sentimentos, ele adota uma posição que concilia ocasionalismo e interacionismo. (shrink)

A dominant cultural narrative within Costa Rica describes Costa Ricans not only as different from their Central American neighbours, but it also exalts them as better: specifically, as more white, peaceful, egalitarian and democratic. This notion of Costa Rican exceptionalism played a key role in the creation of their health care system, which is based on the four core principles of equity, universality, solidarity and obligation. While the political justification and design of the current health care system does, in part, (...) realize this ideal, we argue that the narrative of Costa Rican exceptionalism prevents the full actualization of these principles by marginalizing and excluding disadvantaged groups, especially indigenous and black citizens and the substantial Nicaraguan minority. We offer three suggestions to mitigate the self-undermining effects of the dominant national narrative: 1) encouragement and development of counternarratives; 2) support of an emerging field of Costa Rican bioethics; and 3) decoupling health and national successes. (shrink)

Modern political philosophy, especially since Machiavelli, intends to uncover what politics actually is, and in order to achieve this it often needs to penetrate into disciplines not immediately related to politics and assimilate for itself additional concepts and methodologies. Thus, it appears to be interdisciplinary in the manipulation of specific conceptual instruments. Since there is a methodological shift in modernity imposing the individual person as a basic starting-point of political philosophy, which is expressed in a language of rights, the birth (...) of this juridical-political interdisciplinarity is to be found in a table of concepts established in the science of law and applicable to political philosophy. In order to further understand this, the origins of Grotius’s definitions of ius must be sought out, since they set the background for the bridge he architected between law and political philosophy to be crossed by subsequent modern political philosophers. The solidity of this theoretical basis for interdisciplinary political philosophy depends upon the simultaneity of all of Grotius’s different meanings of ius: it is from this foundation that seventeenth-century political philosophy can begin from. (shrink)

Resumen. A pesar de que la diversidad lingüística de Aragón ha sido institucionalmente reconocida desde la aprobación de su Estatuto de Autonomía en 1982, la presencia del aragonés en los medios de comunicación autonómicos ha sido escasa y cuestionada. Ante esta situación, esta labor ha sido asumida por activistas pertenecientes principalmente al sector neohablante. Con el fin de realizar una aportación sobre el estado de la cuestión respecto al aragonés en los mass media, se desarrolló un trabajo de naturaleza cualitativa (...) cuyos resultados muestran una actitud mayoritariamente favorable su presencia en los medios, especialmente en los territorios donde todavía se conserva con cierto grado de vitalidad; lugares donde, sin embargo, no tienen repercusión las iniciativas desarrolladas desde el ámbito neohablante, lo cual pone de manifiesto la fractura existente entre la comunidad nativa y los nuevos hablantes de aragonés. Por otra parte, destaca la carencia de información sobre la lengua propia entre la sociedad altoaragonesa. De este modo, en muchas ocasiones emerge una identificación del aragonés con modelos tintados por el prejuicio, tópico y/o folklorismo como son las identidades baturras, difundidas de un modo recurrente a través de los medios y del cine sobre todo a lo largo del siglo XX. Palabras clave. Lengua aragonesa; actitudes lingüísticas; prejuicios lingüísticos; lenguas minorizadas.. Linguistic diversity in Aragon has been institutionally recognized since 1982. Nevertheless, its presence in the media has been poor and questioned. Given that situation, this concern has been tackled by activists from the ‘new speakers’ sphere. With the aim of making a contribution with respect to the Aragonese language in the mass media, a qualitative research was conducted in Alto Aragón. Results show the existence of a majoriatian favorable attitude towards the presence of Aragonese in the media, particularly in the areas where the language has still some level of vitality. Nevertheless, initiatives developed by activists have a very little impact around native speakers of Aragonese, and this situation underscores the gap that exists between ‘native speakers’ and ‘new speakers’. Finally, it is also important to stress the lack of information about the regional language among the population. Thus, it is common to find the identification of Aragonese language with linguistic models tainted with prejudices. One recurring example is the ‘baturra’ identity, that has been largely widespread by films and the media during the XXth century. Key words. Aragonese language; lingüístic attitudes; lingüístic prejudices; minoritized languages. (shrink)

O desengano de Garrett.--A desilusão de Herculano.--A descrença de Soriano.--O pessimismo de Oliveira Martins.--A penitência de Ramalho.--A ironia de Eça de Queiroz.--O te0temunho de Antero.--A contrição de Fialho.--Concêrto de acusações.--Apêndice.

We show a sentence and modal square of opposition and equivalence to be expanded into an hexagon according to oe suggestion from William of Sherwood. This expansión is permittedby two sentence and modal rules.The logical relations of the square allow us to formulate several theorems in order to show a glimpse of the Medieval Logic complexity.

Whitehead è un matematico che conferisce pieni poteri al sentimento. La cosmologia speculativa che elabora in Processo e realtà è un’estetica trascendentale in cui il sentire è elevato a condizione reale di ogni esperienza. Non, quindi, un’estetica trascendentale in senso kantiano. La filosofia dell’organismo si propone di invertire il procedimento con cui Kant deriva il mondo dal soggetto, e ‘sentimento’ è proprio il nome del processo con cui il soggetto emerge dall’oggetto. Kant era andato vicino a scoprirlo quando ha fatto (...) della sensazione la porta della percezione. Ma la sua imprevedibilità – sinonimo di variabilità, soggettività e aposteriorità – lo costringe a lasciarla fuori dall’analisi trascendentale. Whitehead, al contrario, ridefinendo lo statuto della soggettività in termini di sentire, la recupera e, scopo di quest’articolo, è mostrare in che modo vi riesca, ossia in che modo si passi dalla causa come categoria alla causa come sentimento. (shrink)

The description of the organization and production of knowledge in occidental culture makes evident the existence of a unilineal orientation in the effort to comprehend reality and its dynamics. In a givenmoment of the process, it could be found to be in the Renaissance period, emphasizing the empi..